Salt Preference is Linked to Hypertension and not to Aging / A Preferência ao Sal está Relacionada à Hipertensão e não ao Envelhecimento

Abstract Background: Seasoning is one of the recommended strategies to reduce salt in foods. However, only a few studies have studied salt preference changes using seasoning. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare preference for salty bread, and if seasoning can change preference in hypertensive and normotensive, young and older outpatients. Methods: Outpatients (n = 118) were classified in four groups: older hypertensive subjects (OH) (n = 32), young hypertensive (YH) (n = 25); older normotensive individuals (ON) (n = 28), and young normotensive (YN) (n = 33). First, volunteers random tasted bread samples with three different salt concentrations. After two weeks, they tasted the same types of breads, with seasoning added in all. Blood pressure (BP), 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion (UNaV, UKV) were measured twice. Analysis: Fisher exact test, McNamer's test and ANCOVA. Statistical significance: p < 0.05. Results: Systolic BP, UNaV, and UKV were greater in HO and HY and they had a higher preference for saltier samples than normotensive groups (HO: 71.9%, HY: 56% vs. NO: 25%, NY; 6%, p<0.01). With oregano, hypertensive individuals preferred smaller concentrations of salt, with reduced choice for saltier samples (HO: 71.9% to 21.9%, and HY: 56% to 16%, p = 0.02), NO preferred the lowest salt concentration sample (53.6% vs. 14.3%, p < 0.01), and NY further increased the preference for the lowest one (63.6% vs. 39.4%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Older and younger hypertensive individuals prefer and consume more salt than normotensive ones, and the seasoned bread induced all groups to choose food with less salt. Salt preference is linked to hypertension and not to aging in outpatients.

Resumo Fundamento: Adicionar temperos aos alimentos é umas das estratégias recomendadas para diminuir a quantidade de sal nos alimentos. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram alterações na preferência ao sal através do uso de temperos. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a preferência pelo pão salgado, e até que ponto o uso de temperos pode alterar as preferências dos indivíduos hipertensos e normotensos, pacientes ambulatoriais jovens e idosos. Métodos: Os pacientes ambulatoriais (n = 118) foram classificados em quatro grupos: idosos com hipertensão (IH) (n = 32), jovens hipertensos (JH) (n = 25); indivíduos idosos normotensos (IN) (n = 28), e jovens normotensos (JN) (n = 33). Primeiro, os voluntários provaram amostras aleatórias de pão com três diferentes concentrações de sal. Após duas semanas, eles provaram os mesmos tipos de pão, porém acrescidos de temperos. A pressão arterial (PA), e a excreção urinária de sódio e potássio de 24 horas (UNaV, UKV) foram medidas duas vezes. Análise: Teste exato de Fisher, teste de McNemar e teste ANCOVA. Significância estatística: p < 0,05. Resultados: A PA sistólica e a excreção urinária de sódio e potássio foram maiores nos grupos IH e JH, e eles tiveram maior preferência por amostras mais salgadas quando comparados com os grupos de normotensos (IH: 71,9%, JH: 56% vs. IN: 25%, JN; 6%, p < 0,01). Quando o orégano foi adicionado, a preferência dos indivíduos hipertensos foi pelas amostras com menores concentrações de sal, com uma diminuição da escolha por amostras mais salgadas (IH: 71,9% a 21,9%, e JH: 56% a 16%, p = 0,02); o grupo IN preferiu a amostra com a concentração de sal mais baixa (53,6% vs. 14,3%, p < 0,01) e no grupo JN aumentou ainda mais o número de indivíduos com preferência pela amostra com concentrações mais baixas de sal (63,6% vs. 39,4%, p = 0,03). Conclusões: Os idosos e jovens hipertensos preferem e consomem mais sal do que os normotensos, e o pão adicionado de tempero ajudou todos os grupos a escolher alimentos menos salgados. A preferência ao sal está ligada à hipertensão e não à idade nos pacientes ambulatoriais.

Avaliação de alterações urinárias e função renal em gestantes com hipertensão arterial crônica / Urinary abnormalities and renal function in pregnant women with chronic hypertension

Resumo Introdução: O acometimento renal em gestantes portadoras de hipertensão arterial crônica (HAC) não é amplamente conhecido. Objetivos: 1- Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com HAC; 2- Avaliar a ocorrência de alterações urinárias e de função renal (por meio de determinação sérica de creatinina, cistatina C e ritmo de filtração glomerular estimada - RFGe); 3- Avaliar o desfecho das gestações em HAC. Métodos: Foram submetidas a avaliações clínicas e laboratoriais 103 gestantes com HAC (pressão arterial acima de 140/90 mmHg, identificada previamente à gestação ou até a 20ª semana). Resultados: As gestantes tinham 21-45 (média: 34) anos; 12,6% eram primigestas, 64,1% tiveram múltiplas gestações. A relação proteinúria/creatininúria em amostra isolada estava alterada em 5,2% casos (0-6,44 g/g), creatinina sérica estava elevada em 19,6% e cistatina C em 14,7%. Na avaliação das características da gestação em pacientes com HAC e seus recém-nascidos (RN) (vs. frequências nos casos com CKD-EPI cistatina C < 60 ml/min/1,73 m2), observou-se: 20,5% (33,3%) de nascidos pré-termo < 37 sem, 17,5% (22,2%) de RN com peso < 2500 g e 17,5% (22,2%) de RN pequeno para a idade gestacional (PIG); sobreposição de DHEG ocorreu em 24,7% (22,2%) dos casos. Conclusão: Alterações renais foram identificadas por proteinúria, creatinina e cistatina C séricas em 5,2%, 19,6 e 14,7% das gestantes. Os resultados sugerem que as fórmulas do CKD-EPI e MDRD também podem ter aplicabilidade nessa avaliação em gestantes. Detectou-se alta frequência de RN pré-termo ou com menos de 2500 g ao nascer ou PIG, assim como de sobreposição de DHEG (24,7%) em gestantes com HAC.

Abstract Introduction: Renal involvement in pregnant women with chronic hypertension is not widely known. Objectives: 1- To describe the epidemiological profile of pregnant women with chronic hypertension; 2- To evaluate urinary abnormalities (by urinalysis), renal function (serum creatinine and cystatin C, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); 3- To evaluate the pregnancy outcome in chronic hypertension. Methods: 103 pregnant women with chronic hypertension (blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg, detected previously to pregnancy or until the 20th week) were submitted to clinical and laboratorial evaluation. Results: Pregnant women were 21-45 (mean: 34) years-old. Protein/creatinine ratio in random urine was elevated in 5.2% (0.0-6.4g/g), serum creatinine in 19.6% and cystatin C in 14.7% of them. It was observed that characteristics of pregnant patients and their newborns (vs. frequencies of the cases with CKD-EPI cystatin C < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) were: 20.5% (33.3%) of preterm birth < 37 weeks, 17.5% (22.2%) of birth weight < 2500g and 17.5% (22.2%) of small for gestational age; superimposed preeclampsia-eclampsia occurred in 24.7% (22.2%) of the cases. Conclusions: Renal abnormalities were detected by proteinuria, determinations of serum creatinine and cystatin C in 5.2, 19.6 and 14.7% of the cases. The results suggest that the formulas CKD-EPI and MDRD can have applicability in assessing renal function in pregnant women. It was also shown a high frequency of preterm birth or with < 2500g at birth or small for gestational age, as well as of superimposed preeclampsia-eclampsia (24.7%) in pregnant women with chronic hypertension.

Human Tissue Kallikrein Activity in Angiographically Documented Chronic Stable Coronary Artery Disease / Atividade da Calicreína Tecidual Humana na Doença Coronariana Crônica Estável Angiograficamente Documentada

AbstractBackground:Human tissue kallikrein (hK1) is a key enzyme in the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS). hK1-specific amidase activity is reduced in urine samples from hypertensive and heart failure (HF) patients. The pathophysiologic role of hK1 in coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear.Objective:To evaluate hK1-specific amidase activity in the urine of CAD patientsMethods:Sixty-five individuals (18–75 years) who underwent cardiac catheterism (CATH) were included. Random midstream urine samples were collected immediately before CATH. Patients were classified in two groups according to the presence of coronary lesions: CAD (43 patients) and non-CAD (22 patients). hK1 amidase activity was estimated using the chromogenic substrate D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan. Creatinine was determined using Jaffé’s method. Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity was expressed as µM/(min · mg creatinine) to correct for differences in urine flow rates.Results:Urinary hK1-specific amidase activity levels were similar between CAD [0.146 µM/(min ·mg creatinine)] and non-CAD [0.189 µM/(min . mg creatinine)] patients (p = 0.803) and remained similar to values previously reported for hypertensive patients [0.210 µM/(min . mg creatinine)] and HF patients [0.104 µM/(min . mg creatinine)]. CAD severity and hypertension were not observed to significantly affect urinary hK1-specific amidase activity.Conclusion:CAD patients had low levels of urinary hK1-specific amidase activity, suggesting that renal KKS activity may be reduced in patients with this disease.

ResumoFundamento:A calicreína tecidual humana (hK1) é enzima-chave do sistema calicreína-cinina (SCC). A atividade amidásica da hK1 está reduzida na urina de pacientes com hipertensão e insuficiência cardíaca (IC); seu papel na doença arterial (DAC) coronariana ainda não está esclarecido.Objetivo:Avaliar a atividade amidásica da hK1 na urina de pacientes com DAC.Métodos:Sessenta e cinco indivíduos (18 a 75 anos) que se submeteram ao cateterismo cardíaco (CAT) coletaram amostra do jato médio de urina imediatamente antes do CAT. Baseando-se na presença de lesões coronarianas, os pacientes eram classificados em dois grupos: DAC (43 pacientes) e sem DAC (22 indivíduos). A atividade amidásica da hK1 foi estimada com o substrato cromogênico D-Val-Leu-Arg-Nan. Creatinina foi determinada pelo método de Jaffé. A atividade amidásica específica da hK1 urinária foi expressa em µM/(min . mg de creatinina) para corrigir diferenças no fluxo urinário.Resultados:A atividade amidásica da hK1 urinária foi semelhante entre os pacientes com DAC [0,146 µM/(min . mg de creatinina)] e aqueles sem DAC [0,189 µM/(min . mg de creatinina)] (p = 0,803), e permaneceu entre os baixos valores previamente publicados para pacientes com hipertensão primária [0,210 µM/(min . mg de creatinina)] e para aqueles com IC [0,104 µM/(min . mg de creatinina)], respectivamente. Nenhum efeito estatisticamente significativo da gravidade da DAC e da hipertensão sobre a atividade amidásica da hK1 urinária foi observado.Conclusão:A atividade amidásica da hK1 na urina estava reduzida nos pacientes com DAC, o que pode sugerir que a atividade do SCC renal esteja reduzida nessa doença.

Podocitúria em gestantes hipertensas crônicas pode predizer dano renal? / Podocyturia in pregnant women with chronic hypertension may predict kidney injury?

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de podocitúria em gestantes hipertensas crônicas no terceiro trimestre da gestação e a associação com doença renal. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional descritivo em uma amostra de conveniência de 38 gestantes hipertensas crônicas. Os podócitos foram marcados com técnica de imunofluorescência indireta com antipodocina e diamidino-fenilindol (DAPI). A contagem foi feita a partir de 30 campos analisados de forma aleatória, corrigida pela creatinina urinária (podócitos/mg de creatinina). Foram assumidos dois grupos: grupo GN (função glomerular normal), com até 100 podócitos, e grupo GP (provável glomerulopatia), com mais de 100 podócitos. A dosagem de creatinina foi realizada com uso da técnica do picrato alcalino. As variáveis de análise foram o índice de massa corpórea, a idade gestacional na coleta, a pressão arterial sistólica e a pressão arterial diastólica no momento da coleta. Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizado o programa SPSS - versão 16.0. (IBM - USA). Nas análises estatísticas, foi utilizado o teste do χ2, sendo consideradas diferenças significantes valores de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A contagem de podócitos no grupo GN teve mediana de 20,3 (0,0 a 98,1), e no grupo GP, de 176,9 (109,1 a 490,6). A média do índice de massa corpórea foi 30,2 kg/m2 (DP=5,6), a média da idade gestacional foi de 35,1 semanas (DP=2,5), a mediana da pressão arterial sistólica foi de 130,0 mmHg (100,0-160,0) e a mediana da pressão arterial diastólica de 80,0 mmHg (60,0-110,0). Não houve correlação significativa entre podocitúria e índice de massa corpórea (p=0,305), idade gestacional na coleta (p=0,392), pressão arterial sistólica (p=0,540) e pressão arterial diastólica (p=0,540). CONCLUSÕES: Não foi identificado um padrão de podocitúria compatível com a presença de glomerulopatia ativa, ainda que algumas das gestantes (15,8%) tenham exibido perda podocitária expressiva. Consideramos ser prematuro recomendar para a prática ...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the presence of podocyturia in chronic hypertensive pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy and its possible association with renal disease. METHODS: This was an observational study of a convenience sample of 38 chronic hypertensive pregnant women. The podocytes were labeled by the indirect immunofluorescence technique with anti-podocin and diamidino-phenylindole (DAPI). The count was made on 30 random fields analyzed and corrected according to urinary creatinine (podocytes/mg creatinine). The patients were assigned to two groups: NG (normal glomerular function), up to 100 podocytes, and GP (probable glomerulopathy), more than 100 podocytes. Urinary creatinine was measured by the alkaline picrate method. The variables analyzed were body mass index, gestational age, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the time of sample collection. Data were analyzed using the SPSS - version 16.0 (IBM - USA). Statistical analysis was performed by the χ2 test, and significant differences were considered when p<0.05. RESULTS: The median podocyte count was 20.3 (0.0-98.1) for group GN, and 176.9 (109.1-490.6) for GP. The mean body mass index was 30.2 kg/m2 (SD=5.6), mean gestational age was 35.1 weeks (SD=2.5), median systolic blood pressure was 130.0 mmHg (100.0-160.0) and median diastolic blood pressure was 80.0 mmHg (60.0-110.0). There was no significant correlation between podocyturia and body mass index (p=0.305), gestational age (p=0.392), systolic blood pressure (p=0.540) or diastolic blood pressure (p=0.540). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, there was no podocyturia pattern consistent with the presence of active renal disease, although some of the women studied (15.8%) exhibited a significant loss. We believe that it is premature to recommend the inclusion of the determination of podocyturia in routine prenatal clinical practice in chronically hypertensive pregnant women. .

Microalbuminuria y factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados en pacientes con hipertensión arterial sistémica. Subanálisis del estudio I-Search / Microalbuminuria and associated cardiovascular risk factors in patients with arterial systemic hypertension. A subanalysis of the I-Search study

Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de microalbuminuria en un grupo de pacientes con hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS), para analizar la asociación entre este parámetro con factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el tratamiento para la HAS. Método: Es un sub-análisis con 564 pacientes de México, extraído de un estudio internacional, observacional y transversal seguidos por médicos especialistas. Se incluyeron pacientes con HAS, sin otras causas de microalbuminuria. Resultados: La microalbuminuria en estos pacientes tuvo una prevalencia de 63.8% (95% IC 58.4, 69.3) y correlaciona con una amplia variedad de factores de riesgo y enfermedades cardiovasculares concomitantes. La mayor parte de pacientes con microalbuminuria recibían ya tratamiento con antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II (50%), sin pretender establecer el impacto de los fármacos en los valores de microalbuminuria. Conclusiones:La prevalencia de pacientes con HAS y elevado riesgo cardiovascular es alta. Debido a ello, se justifica un tratamiento multifactorial capaz no sólo de controlar la presión arterial sino también de modificar los demás factores de riesgo cardiovascular presentes.

Objectives: To establish the prevalence of microalbuminuria in a group of patients with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) to analyze the association between this parameter and cardiovascular risk factors as well as with SAH treatment. Methods: This is a sub-analysis of 564 patients of Mexico, extracted from an international, observational, and cross-sectional study followed by specialists, The study included patients with SAH without any other causes of microalbuminuria. Results: Microalbuminuria in these patients had a prevalence of 63.8% (95% IC 58.4, 69,3) and correlated with a wide variety of risk factors and concomitant cardiovascular diseases Most patients with microalbuminuria already received treatment with angiotensin II receptor antagonists (50%), without pretending to establish the impact of the drugs on the microalbuminuria values. Conclusion: The prevalence of patients with SAH and high cardiovascular risk is high in this study and justifies their management and care with multifactorial strategies aimed to adequately control their blood pressure and to modify other current cardiovascular risk factors.

Microalbuminuria y excreción urinaria de albúmina en la práctica clínica / Microalbuminuria and urinary albumin excretion in clinical practice

Background: Microalbuminuria is a new tool in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Microalbuminuria is an easily measured biomarker in a urine sample. Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio in first morning urine sample correlates with 24 hours urinary albumin excretion, but it is easier to obtain, and can identify hypertensive or diabetic patients with high risk for cardiovascular events. Therapeutic interventions such as renin angiotensin system blockade have demonstrated their usefulness in reducing urinary albumin excretion in clinical studies. It would be advisable to incorporate urinary albumin to creatinine ratio to the routine clinical monitoring of patients with cardiovascular risk, such as those with hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

Urinary Albumin Excretion Rate: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility in Essential Hypertension.

Context : To evaluate the usefulness of urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) i.e. Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (ACR) in diagnosis and prognosis of essential hypertension (EHT). Objectives : To find out the association of urinary albumin excretion rate with the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. Study Design : A cross-sectional analytical study. Materials & Methods : Urinary albumin excretion (UAE), urinary creatinine (UC) and UAER were analyzed and compared between hypertensive cases and age & sex matched normotensive controls of age group 30-65 years using unpaired two-tailed Student ‘t’ test. All statistical analyses were done with PASW (SPSS) v.18.0. Results : Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) of cases were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) than controls. Urine MAlb level (p < 0.001) and ACR (p < 0.001) in cases were significantly higher compared to controls. Correlation studies showed that SBP and DBP was significantly positively correlated with urine MAlb (SBP: r = 0.859, DBP: r = 0.733; p < 0.001) and ACR (SBP: r = 0.830, DBP: r = 0.739; p < 0.001). Sex-wise comparison in cases revealed that males had statistically non-significant (p > 0.05) lower levels of urine MAlb as compared to females but had significantly higher (p < 0.001) levels of urine creatinine and lower (p < 0.001) ACR compared to females. Conclusion: Urinary MAlb levels and ACR are seen to be increased in hypertensive subjects compared to normotensive subjects. ACR was significantly higher in female hypertensives than males which can be credited to the physiologically observed lower urine creatinine levels compared to males. Both Microalbuminuria and ACR can serve as specific and well-established marker of cardiovascular and renal damage in EHT.

Prevalência e fatores de risco para hipertensão em uma população urbana brasileira / Hypertension prevalence and risk factors in a Brazilian urban population

FUNDAMENTO: Os estudos disponíveis não analisaram de modo abrangente os vários fatores envolvidos na gênese da hipertensão (HT), especialmente a associação entre pressão arterial, excreção urinária de sódio e disfunção renal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência dos fatores de risco para HT em diferentes grupos etários em uma amostra representativa da uma população urbana brasileira. MÉTODOS: A população estudada (1.717 indivíduos adultos) foi avaliada por grupos etários: 18 a 39 anos; 40 a 49; 50 a 59; 60 a 69 e > 70 anos. As médias das variáveis quantitativas e as variáveis categóricas dos grupos normotenso e hipertenso foram comparadas. RESULTADOS: A prevalência geral ajustada para HT foi de 25,23 por cento. A prevalência aumentou com a idade e era mais alta em indivíduos com baixo nível educacional. Índice de massa corporal e circunferência abdominal aumentados estavam positivamente associados com uma maior prevalência de HT. Havia uma associação positiva significante entre HT e excreção urinaria de sódio. Os indivíduos hipertensos apresentavam maior frequência de disfunção renal, definida como clearance de creatinina <60 ml/min/m². A prevalência de diabetes mellitus na população geral era de 5,6 por cento e 14,5 por cento nos indivíduos hipertensos. A hipertensão era uma condição conhecida por 74,4 por cento dos indivíduos hipertensos. Entre os indivíduos hipertensos tratados, 52,4 por cento tinham a hipertensão controlada e apenas 34,3 por cento dos pacientes hipertensos no geral (tratados ou não) tinham a pressão arterial controlada. CONCLUSÃO: Esse estudo de base populacional é especial devido ao fato de agregar diferentes fatores demográficos, epidemiológicos e de risco envolvidos na gênese da hipertensão na avaliação de uma única amostra com um cálculo populacional que pode ser extrapolado para outras populações hipertensas.

BACKGROUND: The available studies have not fully analyzed the several factors involved in the genesis of hypertension (HT), especially the association among blood pressure, urinary sodium excretion and renal dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To assess the HT prevalence and risk factors in different age groups in a representative sample of an urban Brazilian population. METHODS: The studied population (1717 adult individuals) was evaluated by age groups: 18 to 39 years; 40 to 49; 50 to 59; 60 to 69 and > 70 years. Quantitative variable means and categorical variables of the hypertensive and normotensive groups were compared. RESULTS: The adjusted overall prevalence of HT was 25.23 percent. The prevalence increased with age and was higher in individuals with low educational level. Increased body mass index and abdominal waist were positively related to a higher prevalence of HT. There was a significant positive association between HT and urinary sodium excretion. Hypertensive individuals presented higher frequency of renal dysfunction, defined as measured creatinine clearance <60 ml/min/m². The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 5.6 percent in the overall population and 14.5 percent in hypertensive individuals. Hypertension was a known condition to 74.4 percent of the hypertensive individuals. Among treated hypertensive individuals, 52.4 percent achieved controlled blood pressure and only 34.3 percent of the overall hypertensive patients (treated or not) had blood pressure controlled. CONCLUSION: This population-based is unique by gathering different demographic, epidemiologic and risk factors involved in the genesis of hypertension in a single sample assessment with a population calculation, which might be extrapolated to other hypertensive populations.

Excreción urinaria de sodio en niños y adultos de una comuna de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile / Urinary sodium excretion in children and adults from a bourough of the Metropolitan Region of Chile

Arterial hypertension has increased sharply in Chile, during the last 3 decades. The National Health Survey (2003) registered a 33.7 percent prevalence in Chilean population over 17 years of age. It is known that an excessive sodium intake is a risk factor for arterial hypertension (AH). Objective: To measure urinary sodium excretion in an exploratory study in school age children and adults of a borough of the Metropolitan Region, and later on increase to a representative population sample. Subjects and method: 158 school age children of both sexes aged 10.6 +/- 2.5 years and 48 adults older than 20 years were evaluated. Weight was measured in 0.1 kg precision scale (SECA model 286). Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated according to the formula weight (kg)/stature (m)2. Arterial pressure was measured with a mercury manual sphygmomanometer. Urinary sodium in 24 hours was calculated with the formula of Tanaka et al. This information was used to predict theoretical NaCI intake using the equation Na mg/day = Na mEq/d x 23; NaCI = Na g/d x 100139.3. Results: BMI in children was 19.2 +/- 4,9 In 28.6 percent and 40.5 percent of adults diastolic and systolic pressure were higher than 90 mm Hg and over 130 mm Hg, respectively. In 1.7 percent and 0.9 percent of children systolic and diastolic pressure were high, according to age and sex. Salt intake per day was calculated assuming that all sodium ingested was consumed as NaCI. Children NaCI intake was 3 +/- 2.2 g per day and in adults was 10.4 +/- 2.5 g per day. Conclusions: BMI was elevated in children and adults in accordance with the high obesity prevalence in the country. The high percentages of elevated blood pressure present in adults were in accordance with high prevalence of hypertension in Chilean adults. Salt intake was high in children and adults constituting a risk factor of hypertension in our population.

En las últimas 3 décadas en Chile, la hipertensión arterial se incrementó notoriamente. La Encuesta Nacional de Salud (año 2003) registró que esta enfermedad afectaba al 33.7 por ciento de la población chilena mayor de 17 años. Se conoce que la ingesta excesiva de Na constituye un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de hipertensión arterial (HTA). Objetivo: Medir la excreción urinaria de Na en escolares y adultos de una comuna de la Región Metropolitana en estudio exploratorio, para posteriormente ampliarlo a una muestra representativa poblacional. Sujetos y método: Se evaluaron 158 escolares de ambos sexos con edad promedio de 10.6 +/- 2.5 años y 48 adultos mayores de 20 años. El peso se determinó con una báscula con precisión de 0.10 kg (SECA, modelo 286). El índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) se calculó con la ecuación: peso (kg)/talla². La presión arterial se midió con un esfigmomanómetro manual de mercurio. La excreción urinaria de Na en 24 horas fue calculada utilizando la ecuación de Tanka T y col. Este dato se utilizó para predecir la ingesta teórica de NaCI, utilizando las siguientes ecuaciones: Na mg/día = Na mEq/d x 23, NaCl = Na g/d x 100/ 39.3. Resultados: El IMC en niños fue de 19.2 +/- 4.9 y en adultos de 29.0 +/- 5.9. En el 28.6 por ciento y en el 40.5 por ciento de los sujetos adultos evaluados se registró una cifra alta de de presión diastólica (> 90 mm Hg) y sistólica (130 > mm Hg), respectivamente. En 1.7 por ciento de los niños se detectó presión sistólica elevada y en 0.9 por ciento de la diastólica, de acuerdo a la edad y sexo. Se calculó la ingesta de sal por día, suponiendo que todo el sodio ingerido se consumió como NaCI. Los niños evaluados ingirieron 7.3 +/- 2.2 gramos de NaCl por día y los adultos 10.4 +/- 2.5 gramos de NaCI por día. Conclusiones: El IMC era elevado en adultos y niños, de acuerdo con las altas tasas de obesidad de nuestra población. Las porcentajes de presión elevada fueron mucho mayores en los adultos y ...

Dosagem de microalbuminúria em hipertensos e em pacientes portadores de doença coronariana / Determination of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients and in patients with coronary artery disease

FUNDAMENTO: A taxa normal de excreção de albumina em 24 horas é de 20 mg. A taxa persistente de 30 a 300 mg/dia é chamada de microalbuminúria (MA) e está relacionada com maior prevalência de doença cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de microalbuminúria em um grupo de hipertensos e em um grupo de portadores de doença coronariana; e determinar a relação da presença de microalbuminúria com hipertensão arterial, diabete melitus, dislipidemia, tabagismo e obesidade. MÉTODOS:: Determinamos a presença de microalbuminúria num grupo de hipertensos (73 indivíduos) e num grupo de coronariopatas (39 indivíduos), e comparamos com um grupo-controle (43 indivíduos). Considerou-se como microalbuminúria a relação albumina/creatinina maior que 30 e menor que 300 em amostra isolada de urina matinal. Na análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: A microalbuminúria esteve presente em 9,5 por cento dos hipertensos, em 33 por cento dos coronariopatas e não esteve presente em nenhum indivíduo do grupo-controle. Ao analisar a ocorrência de microalbuminúria segundo os diversos parâmetros clínicos, independentemente do grupo a que pertenciam, verificamos correlação estatisticamente significativa com idade, diabete e dislipidemia. CONCLUSÃO: 1) A prevalência de microalbuminúria em indivíduos hipertensos é elevada, sendo ainda mais elevada em portadores de doença coronariana; 2) existe correlação da presença de microalbuminúria com idade, diabete e dislipidemia.

BACKGROUND: The normal 24-hour albumin excretion rate is of 20 mg. A persistent rate of 30 to 300 mg/day is called microalbuminuria and is related to a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: 1) To determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria in a group of hypertensive patients and in a group of patients with coronary artery disease; 2) To determine the relationship between the presence of microalbuminuria and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking and obesity. METHODS: The presence of microalbuminuria in a group of hypertensive patients (73 individuals) and in a group of patients with coronary artery disease (39 individuals) was determined and compared with a control group (43 individuals). Microalbuminuria was defined as an albumin/creatinine ratio higher than 30 and lower than 300 in a spot morning urine sample. The chi-square test and the Fisher’s exact test were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Microalbuminuria was present in 9.5 percent of the hypertensive individuals and in 33 percent of the patients with coronary artery disease, and was absent in individuals of the control group. When the occurrence of microalbuminuria was analyzed according to the different clinical parameters, regardless of the group involved, a statistically significant correlation was found with age, diabetes and dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: 1) The prevalence of microalbuminuria in hypertensive individuals is high, and is even higher in patients with coronary artery disease; 2) There is a correlation of the presence of microalbuminuria with age, diabetes and dyslipidemia.

Systemic hypertension and microalbuminuria / Hipertensão arterial sistêmica e microalbuminúria

OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência de microalbuminúria e de lesões em órgãos-alvo e sua associação, em uma população de hipertensos em tratamento. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, realizado no período de abril a agosto de 2006, com 153 pacientes hipertensos em tratamento, atendidos no Ambulatório de Clínica Médica e de Cardiologia de um Hospital Universitário na Região Sul do Brasil. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de microalbuminúria foi de 13,7 por cento (21/153), sendo os grupos com e sem microalbuminúria semelhantes quanto às características demográficas e clínicas. A prevalência de lesões em órgãos-alvo foi de 48,4 por cento, com predomínio de lesões cardíacas. As lesões em órgãos-alvo foram mais freqüentes no grupo com microalbuminúria [76,2 por cento (16/21) versus 43,9 por cento (58/132)], com diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,006). Isso também foi observado nas lesões cardíacas, tanto na população total (p=0,003) quanto no grupo geriátrico (p=0,006). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de microalbuminúria na população estudada é de 13,7 por cento e a de lesões em órgãos-alvo é de 48,4 por cento, havendo associação estatisticamente significante. A microalbuminúria também está associada a lesões cardíacas, inclusive na população geriátrica.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of microalbuminuria and target organ lesions and their association in a hypertensive population undergoing treatment. METHODS: This observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted between April and August 2006, and included 153 hypertensive patients undergoing treatment at the Internal Medicine and Cardiology Outpatient Clinics at a University Hospital in the Southern Region of Brazil. RESULTS: The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 13.7 percent (21/153). The clinical and demographic characteristics of groups with and without microalbuminuria were similar. The prevalence of target organ lesions was 48.4 percent, of which most were cardiac lesions. Target organ lesions were found more often in the microalbuminuria group [76.2 percent (16/21) versus 43.9 percent (58/132)] with a significant statistical difference (p=0.006). This was also observed in the cardiac lesions, for both the total population (p=0.003) and the geriatric group (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of microalbuminuria in the study population was 13.7 percent and that of target organ lesions was 48.4 percent; a statistically significant association was found. Microalbuminuria is also associated with cardiac lesions, including in the geriatric population.

Assessment of correlation of 4 hour and 24 hour urine protein in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders

This study was designed to determine the presence of any correlation between 4-hour and 24-hour urine protein values in pregnant women with hypertensive disorders in Besat Hospital, in Sanandaj in 1383. This was a cross-sectional study and included 58 inpatient pregnant women who had been initially diagnosed as having hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Urine samples were collected in 2 successive periods. The first 4 hour and the next 20-hour urine samples were collected in separate containers. The urine volume, urine protein and creatinine concentration of the 4-hour and 24-hour samples were separately measured and the correlation between both urine samples was determined by Pearson's Correlation Method. A total of 58 patients were entered into this study, 42 of them with no proteinuria and 16 with mild proteinuria. The value for the 4-hour urine protein was found to correlate with those of the 24-hour samples [R=0.821] in patients with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Also sensitivity and specifity of 4-hour urine test were 70.6% and 90.2% respectively. Total protein values of 4-hour urine samples correlated well with those of 24-hour urine samples [p<0.001] of the patients with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy

Utility of the Dipstick Micraltest II TM in the screening of microalbuminuria of diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension / Utilidad de la tira reactiva Micraltest II TMen el escrutinio de microalbuminuria en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e hipertensión esencial

Background. In Mexico, diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension are leading causes of end-stage renal disease. Diagnosis of early renal damage with detection of microalbuminuria (microAlbU) is fundamental for treatment and prevention, and so avoiding the catastrophes of renal failure. For screening purposes, several simplified tests, including dipstick methods, fulfill the accuracy requirements for microAlbU detection compared with gold standards; however, no study has established the reliability of such tests in our setting. Aim. To evaluate the utility of micraltest II TM as a screening test for microAlbU compared with nephelometry in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and non-diabetic patients with essential hypertension. Patients and methods. Patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 as well as patients with essential hypertension of any age, sex and time of evolution, attending to three primary health-care units (UMF No. 3, 92 and 93, Guadalajara, Jalisco) were included. Patients with transitory albuminuria, secondary hypertension and serum creatinine > 2 mg/dL were excluded. Micraltest II TM was performed in the first morning urine sample, and nephelometry was performed in a 24-h urine collection. Diagnostic accuracy of the dipstick test was then determined. Results. 245 patients were studied: 71 (29%) were diabetics without hypertension, 95 (39%) were diabetics with hypertension, and 79 (32%) had only essential hypertension. In diabetic patients, micraltest II TM sensitivity was 83%, specificity 96%, and positive and negative predictive values were 95% and 88%, respectively. Correlation between nephelometry and micraltest II TM results was 0.81 (p < 0.001). The best cut-off point for microAlbU was 30.5 mg/L, and area under the curve (± SEM) was 0.91 ± 0.03 (confidence interval 95%: 0.85-0.96). In non-diabetic patients with essential hypertension, micraltest II TM sensitivity was 75%, specificity 95%, and positive and negative predictive values were 43% and 99%, respectively. Correlation between nephelometry and micraltest II TM results was 0.43 (p < 0.001). The best cut-off point for microAlbU was 28.2 mg/L, and area under the curve was 0.85 ± 0.13 (0.60-1.10). Conclusion. Micraltest II TM dispstick is a rapid, valid and reliable method for albuminuria screening in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and in those non-diabetic patients with essential hypertension in our setting.

Antecedentes. En México, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y la hipertensión son las principales causas de insuficiencia renal crónica terminal. El diagnóstico temprano con detección de microalbuminuria (microAlbU) es fundamental para el tratamiento y prevención, y así evitar las catástrofes de la falla renal. Con el fin de tamizaje, varias pruebas simples, incluyendo las tiras reactivas, cumplen con los requerimientos de exactitud para detección de microAlbU comparados con esténdares de oro; sin embargo, ningún estudio ha establecido la confiabilidad de dichos métodos en nuestro medio. Objetivo. Evaluar la utilidad del micraltest II TM como prueba de tamizaje para microAlbU comparada con nefelometría en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y pacientes no diabáticos con hipertensión arterial esencial. Pacientes y métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, así como pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial de cualquiera de los dos sexos, sexo y tiempo de evolución que atendían a tres unidades de Medicina Familiar (UMF No. 3, 92 y 93, Guadalajara, Jalisco). Se excluyeron pacientes con albuminuria transitoria, hipertensión secundaria y creatinina sárica > 2 mg/dL. El micraltest II TM se realizó en la primera muestra matutina de orina, y la nefelometría en recolecciones de orina de 24 horas. La exactitud diagnóstica de la tira reactiva fue luego determinada. Resultados. Doscientos cuarenta y cinco pacientes fueron estudiados: 71 (29%) eran diabáticos sin hipertensión, 95 (39%) eran diabáticos con hipertensión, y 79 (32%) tenían sólo hipertensión arterial esencial. En los pacientes diabáticos, el micraltest II TM tuvo una sensibilidad de 83%, especificidad de 96%, y valores predictivos positivo y negativo de 95% y 88%, respectivamente. La correlación entre la nefelometría y el micraltest II TM fue 0.81 (p < 0.001). El mejor punto de corte para la detección de microAlbU fue 30.5 mg/L, y el área bajo la curva (± EE) fue 0.91 ± 0.03 (intervalo de confianza 95%: 0.85-0.96). En los pacientes no diabáticos con hipertensión esencial, el micraltest II TM tuvo una sensibilidad de 75%, especificidad de 95%, y valores predictivos positivo y negativo de 43 y 99%, respectivamente. La correlación entre los resultados de nefelometría y micraltest II TM fue 0.43 (p < 0.001). El mejor punto de corte para microAlbU fue 28.2 mg/L, y el área bajo la curva fue 0.85 ± 0.13 (intervalo de confianza 95%:0.60-1.10). Conclusión. La tira reactiva micraltest II TM es un método rápido, válido y confiable para el tamizaje de albuminuria en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y pacientes no diabáticos con hipertensión arterial esencial en nuestro medio.

Elevación del cortisol urinario en hipertensos esenciales hiporreninémicos / Free urinary cortisol is elevated in patients with low-renin essential hypertension

BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoids play a key role in blood pressure (BP) control and are associated with hypertension in patients with Cushing's syndrome. A number of reports indicate that cortisol (F) may be involved in etiology of essential hypertension (EH). F can bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor, triggering both sodium and water reabsorption in kidney, increase BP and cause renin suppression. AIM: To evaluate urinary free cortisol (UFF) excretion as a potential intermediate phenotype of essential hypertension and correlate F level with plasma renin activity (PRA) and serum aldosterone (SA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We recruited 132 EH patients and 16 normotensive healthy controls. Blood samples and 24 hours urine were collected for PRA, SA and UFF analysis. Differences in UFF excretion between sexes were normalized by urinary creatinine (Creat) excretion. The upper limit of UFF/Creat was determined in normotensives considering the mean value plus 2 standard deviations. According to this value, subjects were classified as having high or normal UFF. RESULTS: In EH patients and in normotensives, the UFF/Creat was 36.9 +/- 17.0 microg/gr and 30.9 +/- 8.8 microg/gr, respectively. The upper limit was set at 48.5 microg/gr. A high UFF/Creat was found in 20/132 EH (15%) patients and 0/16 normotensive subjects. EH patients with high UFF showed lower PRA levels than patients with normal cortisol levels (0.78 +/- 0.47 vs. 1.13 +/- 0.66 ng/ml x h, respectively, p=0.027) and lower SA values (4.52 +/- 1.65 vs 6.34 +/- 3.37 ng/dl, respectively, p=0.018). There was a negative correlation between UFF and PRA (r=-0.176, p=0.044) and between UFF and SA (r=-0.183, p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a subgroup of EH patients with increased UFF excretion. Patients with the highest UFF showed lower renin and aldosterone levels. These data suggest a potential influence of cortisol in the genesis of hypertension.

Correlation of 4- and 24-hour urine protein in women with initially diagnosed hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether 4-hour urine protein value correlates with 24-hour urine protein value in women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study was performed in 38 in-patient pregnant women who were initially diagnosed as having hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Urine samples were collected within 24 hours in 2 successive periods: the first 4-hour and the next 20-hour urine, in separate containers. The urine volume, urine protein and creatinine concentrations were thus separately measured. The 4- and 24-hour urine proteins were calculated and the correlation between both groups was determined by simple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 38 patients were recruited into the study, 26 had mild preeclampsia, 5 had severe preeclampsia, and 7 had superimposed preeclampsia. The result of the 4-hour urine protein was found to correlate with those of the 24-hour urine protein for patients with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Total protein values of 4-hour samples positively correlated with values of 24-hour samples of patients with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. This might be modified and used for urine protein collection in outpatients to improve the compliance.

Calciuria and preeclampsia

Urinary calcium excretion has been reported to be diminished in preeclampsia. The objective of the present study was to determine urinary calcium excretion in pregnant patients with chronic arterial hypertension (CAH) and preeclampsia (PE), and in normotensive patients (N). Forty-four pregnant patients (gestational age, 20-42 weeks; 18 CAH, 17PE, 9N) were evaluated for calciuria, proteinuria, plasma uric acid and blood pressure. Patients with PE (82 + 15.1 mg/24 h) showed significantly lower calciuria (P<0.05) than the group with CAH (147 + 24.9 mg/24 h) and the N group (317 + 86.0 mg/24 h) (P<0.05, Student t-test), Plasma uric acid was significantly higher in the PE group (6.1 + 0.38 mg/dl) than the CAH group (5.0 + 0.33 mg/dl; P<0.05), which also presented higher proteinuria levels, although the difference was not statistically significant. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure did not differ between the PE (164 + 105 mmHg) and CAH (164 + 107 mmHg) groups. Calciuria was significantly lower in the group with preeclampsia than in the group with chronic arterial hypertension. We conclude that calciuria can be a further factor for identifying preeclampsia.

Microalbuminuria in non insulin dependent diabetes and essential hypertension: a marker of severe disease.

Sixty five (65) hypertensive, 91 non-insulin dependent diabetes and 50 matched, healthy controls were examined for the presence of microalbuminuria, using the Micral strip test. Microalbuminuria was observed in 25 per cent of diabetics and 21.54 per cent of hypertensive subjects. None of the controls demonstrated microalbuminuria. Diabetics with microalbuminuria were poorly controlled and demonstrated significantly higher systolic pressure. In hypertensive subjects, microalbuminuria was seen more in patients with severe disease. In both diabetics and hypertensives, presence of microalbuminuria was significantly influenced by the disease duration.

Microalbuminuria en diabéticos no insulinodependientes / Microalbuminuria in non-insulindependent diabetics

La prevalencia de microalbuminuria en los diabéticos no insulinodependientes varía entre un 8 y 43 por ciento. Su presencia se asocia a obesidad, hipertensión arterial y dislipidemia, probablemente a través de un mecanismo patogénico común: la insulinorresistencia. La microalbuminuria se ha destacado como un importante marcador de nefropatía diabética y de patologías cardiovasculares. Los diabéticos no insulinodependientes constituyen un grupo de mayor riesgo con mortalidad precoz, que deben ser tratados en forma preventiva. Entre estas medidas debe considerarse el estricto control metabólico de la diabetes, el tratamiento de la dislipidemia, obesidad e hipertensión arterial. Los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora se han demostrado eficaces en disminuir los niveles de microalbuminuria, incluso en los diabéticos no insulinodependientes normotensos

Muestras de orina de 24 horas necesarias para caracterizar la ingestión de sodio en voluntarios mexicanos sanos / 24 hour urine samples needed to characterize the intake of sodium in healthy mexican volunteers

En México, en los últimos años, la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial esencial ha ido en aumento y las cifras que se han informado son tan altas como del 34//. Esta prevalencia tan elevada seguramente ha contribuido para que actualmente las enfermedades cardiovasculares sean la primera causa de muerte en la población adulta de México. Se dice que la sal es un compuesto que eleva las cifras de tensión arterial en una proporción importante de la población, por lo que la cuantificación confiable de su consumo en México, para elaborar medidas de prevención primaria de hipertensión arterial, se hace necesaria. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue calcular el número de colecciones de orina de 24 h que necesita colectar un individuo adulto en México, para caracterizar de una manera más confiable su consumo de sal. Estos resultados podrán aplicarse a estudios epidemiológicos en el futuro. Se estudiaron 10 sujetos adultos en el INNSZ, quienes colectaron siete orinas contiguas de 24 h. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizó la propuesta de Liu y col. y se estimaron: coeficiente de correlación entre las mediciones, la variación intra individual y el porcentaje de disminución del coeficiente de correlación debido a la variación intra individual.Los resultados indicaron que para caracterizar de manera confiable la ingestión de sal de un individuo, se necesitan tres colecciones de orina de 24 h para alcanzar un porcentaje de exactitud del 98 por ciento